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Experiments done by an American physicist, Arthur Holly Compton, in 1922 tested Einstein s theory The results of Compton s experiments further supported the particle model of light Compton directed X rays of a known wavelength at a graphite target, as shown in Figure 27-7a, and measured the wavelengths of the X rays scattered by the target He observed that some of the X rays were scattered without change in wavelength, whereas others had a longer wavelength than that of the original radiation These results are shown in Figure 27-7b Note that the peak wavelength for the unscattered X rays corresponds to the wavelength of the original incident X rays, whereas the peak wavelength for the scattered X rays is greater than that of the original incident X rays Recall that the equation for the energy of a photon, E hf, also can be written as E hc/ This second equation shows that the energy of a photon is inversely proportional to its wavelength The increase in wavelength that Compton observed meant that the X-ray photons had lost both energy and momentum The shift in the energy of scattered photons is called the Compton effect This shift in energy is very small, only about 10 3 nm, and is a measurable effect only when X rays having wavelengths of 10 2 nm or less are used

Figure 27-7 Compton used an apparatus similar to this one to study the nature of photons (a) The increased wavelength of the scattered photons is evidence that the X-ray photons have lost energy (b)

FIGURE 1-6

Before Collision After Collision Recoiling electron Energy Eelectron Momentum mv Incident photon Energy hf

Figure 27-8 Much like the collision between two billiard balls (a), when a photon strikes an electron, the energy and momentum gained by the electron equal the energy and momentum lost by the photon (b)

In later experiments, Compton observed that electrons were ejected from the graphite block during the experiment He suggested that the X-ray photons collided with electrons in the graphite target and transferred energy and momentum to them Compton thought that these photonelectron collisions were similar to the elastic collisions experienced by billiard balls, as shown in Figure 27-8 He tested this idea by measuring the energy of the ejected electrons Compton found that the energy and momentum gained by the electrons equaled the energy and momentum lost by the photons Thus, photons obey the laws of conservation of momentum and energy when they are involved in collisions with other particles

10 Photoelectric Effect Why is high-intensity, lowfrequency light unable to eject electrons from a metal, whereas low-intensity, high-frequency light can Explain 11 Frequency and Energy of Hot-Body Radiation As the temperature of a body is increased, how does the frequency of peak intensity change How does the total amount of radiated energy change 12 Photoelectric and Compton Effects An experimenter sends an X ray into a target An electron, but no other radiation, emerges from the target Explain whether this event is a result of the photoelectric effect or the Compton effect 13 Photoelectric and Compton Effects Distinguish the photoelectric effect from the Compton effect 14 Photoelectric Effect Green light ( 532 nm) strikes an unknown metal, causing electrons to be ejected The ejected electrons can be stopped by a potential of 144 V What is the work function, in eV, of the metal

15 Energy of a Photon What is the energy, in eV, of the photons produced by a laser pointer having a 650-nm wavelength 16 Photoelectric Effect An X ray is absorbed in a bone and releases an electron If the X ray has a wavelength of approximately 002 nm, estimate the energy, in eV, of the electron 17 Compton Effect An X ray strikes a bone, collides with an electron, and is scattered How does the wavelength of the scattered X ray compare to the wavelength of the incoming X ray 18 Critical Thinking Imagine that the collision of two billiard balls models the interaction of a photon and an electron during the Compton effect Suppose the electron is replaced by a much more massive proton Would this proton gain as much energy from the collision as the electron does Would the photon lose as much energy as it does when it collides with the electron